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On November 10, Russia launched a controversial strategy known as SIM card cooling. This policy aims to temporarily disrupt mobile internet access for SIM cards that connect to foreign networks while roaming or remain inactive for over 72 hours. When SIM cards return from abroad, they automatically face a 24-hour disconnection unless users complete a CAPTCHA to restore service sooner. Officially, this measure is intended to hinder Ukrainian drones that may utilize LTE modems to access Russian mobile networks during military operations. However, this initiative raises significant questions regarding its impact on travelers and residents in border regions.
While the rationale behind the cooling strategy appears logical, its effectiveness in enhancing security remains uncertain. Ukraine has considered similar strategies, yet the actual protective benefits of Russia’s new regulations seem limited, with potential for quick circumvention. To understand this further, it is essential to explore how drones utilize mobile networks during operations and evaluate whether the cooling mechanism can effectively disrupt them.
Understanding the cooling mechanism
The Russian Ministry of Digital Development has implemented this cooling strategy, requiring mobile operators to block internet access for SIM cards that have recently accessed foreign networks or have been inactive for a specified duration. During this disconnection phase, users can still access select websites on a government-approved whitelist, which includes platforms like the state services portal, Russian social media, and search engines.
To lift the block, users must complete a CAPTCHA provided by their mobile carrier. However, the system’s effectiveness is limited by its inconsistent application across operators, and devices lacking a compatible interface cannot utilize the CAPTCHA method. The primary goal of this initiative is to prevent SIM cards installed in Ukrainian drones from accessing Russian mobile networks.
Impact on civilian life
Additional restrictions aimed at limiting potential drone activities complicate civilian life further. These measures include prohibitions on transferring SIM cards between individuals and the indefinite suspension of mobile internet services in specific regions. While the cooling policy may appear as a preferable alternative to a full-scale internet shutdown, its implications for everyday users are significant.
Drone communication methods in warfare
It is crucial to note that most military drones operating within Ukraine and Russian territories do not rely on mobile communication systems. The majority are directed by operators through two-way radio systems or, in some cases, utilize fiber-optic cables. However, there has been a noticeable increase in the use of drones equipped with LTE modems, particularly in Ukrainian territories.
Long-range strike drones typically depend on a combination of standard navigation systems that include an inertial system—which is resistant to electronic warfare but susceptible to cumulative internal errors—and a satellite navigation system that corrects these errors. This satellite system, however, is vulnerable to interference, making it susceptible to jamming or spoofing tactics.
Challenges of mobile connectivity
While mobile networks could theoretically help alleviate some of these navigation issues, they also present their own set of challenges, including the risk of being entirely disabled in combat scenarios. Thus, both Ukrainian and Russian forces primarily use mobile connectivity as a supplementary tool, with many long-range drones operating independently of mobile networks.
Both sides have reported instances of downed long-range drones equipped with mobile communication modems, which are often designed to transmit telemetry data back to command units. This feedback can be crucial in adjusting future operations, particularly in areas with significant electronic interference.
Future implications of SIM card cooling
In June, Ukrainian forces employed kamikaze drones with mobile communication capabilities to carry out strikes against Russian long-range aircraft stationed deep within Russian territory. These operations highlighted the potential for remote piloting over extensive distances, utilizing advanced systems to overcome communication delays.
While the rationale behind the cooling strategy appears logical, its effectiveness in enhancing security remains uncertain. Ukraine has considered similar strategies, yet the actual protective benefits of Russia’s new regulations seem limited, with potential for quick circumvention. To understand this further, it is essential to explore how drones utilize mobile networks during operations and evaluate whether the cooling mechanism can effectively disrupt them.0
While the rationale behind the cooling strategy appears logical, its effectiveness in enhancing security remains uncertain. Ukraine has considered similar strategies, yet the actual protective benefits of Russia’s new regulations seem limited, with potential for quick circumvention. To understand this further, it is essential to explore how drones utilize mobile networks during operations and evaluate whether the cooling mechanism can effectively disrupt them.1